Butterfly lighting is named for the butterfly shaped shadow that is formed under the nose by placing the main light source above and directly behind the camera.
HARD LIGHT
Hard light casts strong, well defined shadows. When hitting a textured surface at an angle, hard light will accentuate the textures and details in an object.
SOFT LIGHT
Soft lighting is when a light source is large relative to the subject, light that creates shadows with a gradual transition from light to dark.
A reflector is an improvised or specialized reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.
LOOP
Loop lighting is made by creating a small shadow of the subjects noses on their cheeks. To create loop lighting, the light source must be slightly higher than eye level and about 30-45 degrees from the camera
REMBRANDT AKA ILLUMINATI
Rembrandt lighting is identified by the triangle of light on the cheek. Unlike loop lighting where the shadow of the nose and cheek do not touch, in Rembrandt lighting they do meet which, creates that trapped little triangle of light in the middle.
SPLIT
It splits the face exactly into equal halves with one side being in the light, and the other in shadow
RIM
A design of lighting where the keylight, or one of the main lights, is placed facing the camera with the subject placed between them. The effect is to produce a glow or rim on the edges of the subject at the back.
BACK
A controlledtechniqueof lighting, usedinphotographyorthetheater,inwhichalightisplacedbehindoratrightanglestoanobject,person,orscenetoproducesucheffectsasdepthorseparationofsubjectand background.
BROAD
Broad lighting is when the subject’s face is slightly turned away from centre, and the side of the face which is toward the camera (is broader) is in the light. This produces a larger area of light on the face, and a shadow side which appears smaller.
SHORT
Short lighting is the opposite of broad lighting. As you can see by the example here, short lighting puts the side turned towards the camera (that which appears larger) in more shadow. It is often used for low key, or darker portraits.